{"id":8089,"date":"2026-01-05T10:10:51","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T07:10:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/?p=8089"},"modified":"2026-01-05T10:12:28","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T07:12:28","slug":"zinatne-ir-tikpat-nevajadziga-ka-demokratija","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/zinatne-ir-tikpat-nevajadziga-ka-demokratija\/","title":{"rendered":"Zin\u0101tne ir tikpat nevajadz\u012bga k\u0101 demokr\u0101tija"},"content":{"rendered":"

Foto: Gints Kl\u0101sons<\/p>\n

\n

2013. gad\u0101 Skotijas un \u0160veices p\u0113tnieki iem\u0101c\u012bja Dienvid\u0101frikas savva\u013cas za\u013cajiem m\u0113rka\u0137iem (Chlorocebus pygerythrus<\/em>) izvair\u012bties no iekr\u0101sotas roz\u0101 kukur\u016bzas, ko vi\u0146i bija apstr\u0101d\u0101ju\u0161i, lai t\u0101 b\u016btu r\u016bgta [1]. \u0160o inform\u0101ciju m\u0113rka\u0137i nodeva n\u0101kamaj\u0101m paaudz\u0113m, kas turpin\u0101ja intuit\u012bvi ne\u0113st roz\u0101 kukur\u016bzu, kaut gan pa\u0161i to nebija nogar\u0161oju\u0161i, un t\u0101 v\u0113l\u0101k vairs nebija r\u016bgtin\u0101ta. Min\u0113taj\u0101 un l\u012bdz\u012bgos p\u0113t\u012bjumos [2]\u2013[4] zin\u0101tnieki nov\u0113roju\u0161i, ka pat dz\u012bvnieku pasaul\u0113 var att\u012bst\u012bties trad\u012bcijas, kas dz\u012bvo ilg\u0101k, nek\u0101 \u012bpat\u0146i, kuri pirmie ar to sask\u0101r\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Trad\u012bcijas un konformit\u0101te ar\u012b cilv\u0113kos ir dokument\u0113ta da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s publik\u0101cij\u0101s. Viena no slaven\u0101kaj\u0101m var\u0113tu b\u016bt par Solomona A\u0161a (Solomon Asch<\/em>) p\u0113t\u012bjumu “Viena cilv\u0113ka maz\u0101kums pret vienpr\u0101t\u012bgu vair\u0101kumu” [5]. \u0160aj\u0101 p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 6\u20138 cilv\u0113ku grup\u0101m iedeva element\u0101ru uztveres uzdevumu: kura no 3 l\u012bnij\u0101m ir visl\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 atskaites l\u012bnijai? Vien\u012bg\u0101 probl\u0113ma: visi iz\u0146emot vienu dal\u012bbnieku tika apm\u0101c\u012bti reiz\u0113m dot identisku nepareizu atbildi. P\u0113t\u012bjuma rezult\u0101ts: 75% dal\u012bbnieku piel\u0101goj\u0101s grupas spiedienam un sniedza nepareizu atbildi vismaz vienu reizi. Pat neap\u0161aub\u0101mi aplamas inform\u0101cijas priek\u0161\u0101 cilv\u0113ki bie\u017ei izv\u0113las konformit\u0101ti, nevis paties\u012bbu. Visbie\u017e\u0101kais pamatojums: “Es ap\u0161aub\u012bju sevi un notic\u0113ju grupai.”<\/p>\n

Konformit\u0101te ir \u0101tra un \u0113rta paties\u012bbas min\u0113\u0161ana, vadoties p\u0113c sabiedr\u012bbas: ja vi\u0146i t\u0101 dom\u0101, tad, visticam\u0101k, t\u0101 ir paties\u012bba. Sav\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 tas ir noder\u012bgs fenomens. Pa\u013cau\u0161an\u0101s uz citu kopienas p\u0101rst\u0101vju zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m ir pal\u012bdz\u0113jusi m\u016bsu priek\u0161te\u010diem izdz\u012bvot miljoniem gadu, pat ja t\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas reiz\u0113m ir aplamas. Konformit\u0101te ar\u012b att\u012bsta sabiedr\u012bbu uzved\u012bbas normas, kult\u016bru un kolekt\u012bvo identit\u0101ti, kas lika pamatus da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m valst\u012bm, taut\u012bb\u0101m un korpor\u0101cij\u0101m. Tom\u0113r, konformit\u0101te bez padzi\u013cin\u0101tas diskusijas izsl\u0113dz iesp\u0113ju p\u0101rbaud\u012bt ap\u0161aub\u0101mu nov\u0113rojumu patiesumu, k\u0101 ar\u012b apgr\u016btina izaugsmes iesp\u0113jas, kas reiz\u0113m ir acu priek\u0161\u0101. Lai \u0161o probl\u0113mu ierobe\u017eotu, cilv\u0113ce laika gait\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bja jaunu instrumentu.<\/p>\n

Uzzin\u0101t paties\u012bbu vai vismaz t\u0101s tuvin\u0101jumu nereti pieprasa daudz darba un discipl\u012bnas. Lai \u0161o darbu sistematiz\u0113tu, cilv\u0113ce att\u012bst\u012bja zin\u0101tnisko metodi. T\u0101 ietver nov\u0113rojumus, hipot\u0113zes izvirz\u012b\u0161anu, eksperimentus, to anal\u012bzi un, visbeidzot, rezult\u0101tu izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anu neatkar\u012bg\u0101 (starptautisk\u0101) kopien\u0101. \u0160\u012b metode nav perfekta, bet t\u0101 ir lab\u0101k\u0101 metode, ko cilv\u0113ce ir izstr\u0101d\u0101jusi, lai apg\u016btu paties\u012bbu par dabu un sevi<\/strong>. Turkl\u0101t t\u0101 ir pa\u0161kori\u0123\u0113jo\u0161a \u2013 ja k\u0101ds public\u0113 aplam\u012bbas, zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 kopiena to ar laiku pamana un izlabo [6]\u2013[8]. Kas ir pats lab\u0101kais zin\u0101tniskaj\u0101 metod\u0113? T\u0101 nepieder tikai zin\u0101tniekiem. To var izmantot ikviens [9]. T\u0101 pieprasa paciet\u012bbu un dom\u0101\u0161anu, bet nepieprasa \u012bpa\u0161as sp\u0113jas, lai to izmantotu ikdienas situ\u0101cij\u0101s. Cik izplat\u012bta ir zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 metode Latvijas skol\u0101s? Latvijas politik\u0101? Latvijas medijos? Ir laiks Latvijas zin\u0101tniekiem dal\u012bties pieredz\u0113 par zin\u0101tnisko metodi. Ir laiks Latvijas skol\u0101m, vald\u012bbai un mediju p\u0101rst\u0101vjiem piepras\u012bt iesp\u0113ju apg\u016bt un izmantot zin\u0101tnisko metodi.<\/p>\n

Pret\u0113ji popul\u0101rajam uzskatam zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas prim\u0101rais m\u0113r\u0137is nav<\/em> veicin\u0101t inov\u0101cijas. Zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas m\u0113r\u0137is ir ieg\u016bt jaunas zin\u0101\u0161anas, kuras lietot, lai uzlabotu vesel\u012bbas sist\u0113mu, valsts p\u0101rvaldi, tautsaimniec\u012bbu un citas nozares. Zin\u0101\u0161anas p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas var eksist\u0113t tikai glob\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b, un t\u0101s var izmantot visi. Zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 darb\u012bba veicina t\u0101du ekspertu pieaugumu, kas prot risin\u0101t sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas probl\u0113mas un sintez\u0113t jaunu inform\u0101ciju, reiz\u0113m \u2013 negaid\u012bti. Aleksandrs Flemings (Alexander Fleming<\/em>) penicil\u012bna atkl\u0101\u0161anas br\u012bd\u012b p\u0113t\u012bja antisepti\u0137u ietekmi uz bakt\u0113rij\u0101m. Kad vien\u0101 gaisa pies\u0101r\u0146ot\u0101 Petri plat\u0113 nov\u0113roja bakt\u0113riju izzu\u0161anu tie\u0161i taj\u0101s viet\u0101s, kur auga pel\u0113jums, Flemings nol\u0113ma \u0161o likumsakar\u012bbu p\u0113t\u012bt tuv\u0101k, nevis izmest \u0101r\u0101 “saboj\u0101to” paraugu [10]. Vilhelms Konr\u0101ds Rentgens (Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen<\/em>) sav\u0101 v\u0101rd\u0101 nosaukto starojumu atkl\u0101ja, p\u0113tot neredzamo katodstaru \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas. Pamanot, ka stari sekm\u0113ja luminisc\u0113jo\u0161u efektu uz pret\u012b novietota ekr\u0101na, Rentgens secin\u0101ja, ka vi\u0146\u0161 nov\u0113ro jauna veida starojumu, kas izspie\u017eas cauri da\u017e\u0101diem materi\u0101liem, to starp\u0101 cilv\u0113ka plaukstai [11]. Fr\u0101nsiss Galtons (Francis Galton<\/em>) sav\u0101 rakst\u0101 “Vox Populi” [12] p\u0113t\u012bja p\u016b\u013ca gudr\u012bbu, analiz\u0113jot aptuveni 800 neatkar\u012bgus min\u0113jumus par k\u0101da bu\u013c\u013ca kaut\u0137erme\u0146a masu. Kaut gan liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca rezult\u0101tu bija t\u0101lu no paties\u0101 skait\u013ca, medi\u0101n\u0101 apl\u0113se tikai par 0,8% at\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s no faktisk\u0101s masas. Galtona nov\u0113rojums ne tikai deva noz\u012bm\u012bgu pienesumu modern\u0101s statistikas meto\u017eu att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 \u2013 tas ar\u012b demonstr\u0113ja neatkar\u012bgu l\u0113mumu un demokr\u0101tisko procesu v\u0113rt\u012bbu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tne nav ma\u0161\u012bna, kas p\u0113t\u012bjuma beig\u0101s sara\u017eo p\u0101rdodamu produktu vai pakalpojumu. Tom\u0113r Latvijas sabiedr\u012bbas attieksme pret zin\u0101tni atspogu\u013co citu izpratni, jo \u012bpa\u0161i, kad tiek pazi\u0146oti apstiprin\u0101tie fundament\u0101lo un lieti\u0161\u0137o p\u0113t\u012bjumu projekti [13]. \u0160is fakts past\u0101v\u012bgi izraisa negat\u012bvu reakciju pla\u0161sazi\u0146u l\u012bdzek\u013cos [14]. Maz\u0101k run\u0101 par to, ka Latvij\u0101 rakst\u012btos projektu pieteikumus skrupulozi v\u0113rt\u0113 starptautisku ekspertu komisija, lai tos v\u0113l\u0101k atlas\u012btu p\u0113c skaidri defin\u0113tiem zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 pienesuma krit\u0113rijiem. \u0160\u012b sist\u0113ma nodro\u0161ina, ka atlas\u012btie p\u0113t\u012bjumi ar lielu varb\u016bt\u012bbu rezult\u0113sies v\u0113rt\u012bg\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s, kuru pienesums b\u016bs man\u0101ms ar\u012b starptautiskaj\u0101 zin\u0101tnieku kopien\u0101. Ja k\u0101du apsv\u0113rumu d\u0113\u013c ar \u0161o sist\u0113mu nepietiek, lai noteiktu v\u0113rt\u012bgus p\u0113tniec\u012bbas virzienus, vai mums ir iemesls dom\u0101t, ka politi\u0137i vai uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113ji tos sp\u0113s noteikt lab\u0101k?<\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 darb\u012bba atspogu\u013co demokr\u0101tijas fundament\u0101l\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas \u2013 br\u012bv\u012bbu uzdot jaut\u0101jumus un mekl\u0113t atbildes par aktu\u0101lo situ\u0101ciju sabiedr\u012bb\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b br\u012bv\u012bbu izteikties neatkar\u012bgi no pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101s vald\u012bbas uzskatiem. Cit\u0113jot amerik\u0101\u0146u fizi\u0137a un zin\u0101tnes komunikatora Karla Seigana rakst\u012bto gr\u0101mat\u0101 “D\u0113monu aps\u0113st\u0101 pasaule” (Carl Sagan<\/em>, “The Demon-Haunted World”<\/em>) [15]:<\/p>\n

“Bez \u0161aub\u0101m, m\u016bsu valstij un sugai ir daudz neatliekamu probl\u0113mu. Ta\u010du fundament\u0101lo p\u0113t\u012bjumu apjoma samazin\u0101\u0161ana nav veids, k\u0101 t\u0101s risin\u0101t. Zin\u0101tnieki neveido v\u0113l\u0113t\u0101ju vair\u0101kumu, un vi\u0146iem nav iedarb\u012bga lobija. Tom\u0113r liela da\u013ca vi\u0146u darba ir visas cilv\u0113ces interes\u0113s.” (Autora tulkojums).<\/p>\n

Run\u0101t par p\u0113t\u012bjumiem ir svar\u012bgi. Ieklaus\u012bties p\u0113t\u012bjumos ir svar\u012bg\u0101k. Tikl\u012bdz s\u0101kam ap\u0161aub\u012bt p\u0113t\u012bjumu v\u0113rt\u012bbu, jo tie nesakr\u012bt ar m\u016bsu person\u012bgaj\u0101m v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, atsak\u0101mies no iesp\u0113jas r\u012bkoties saska\u0146\u0101 ar inform\u0101ciju, kas balst\u012bta p\u0113t\u012bjumos. Tikl\u012bdz s\u0101kam noteikt zin\u0101tnes virzienus, pamatojoties p\u0101rsvar\u0101 uz utilit\u0101riem un politiskiem apsv\u0113rumiem, risk\u0113jam ierobe\u017eot akad\u0113misko br\u012bv\u012bbu [16]. Ja Latvijas iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji uzskata, ka demokr\u0101tija ir v\u0113rt\u012bba, kas ir j\u0101sarg\u0101, nedr\u012bkst aizmirst par zin\u0101tnes iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161o lomu \u0161\u012bs v\u0113rt\u012bbas uztur\u0113\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n

Autors: Oskars Teikmanis<\/strong>, Latvijas Jauno zin\u0101tnieku apvien\u012bbas (LJZA) priek\u0161s\u0113d\u0113t\u0101js.<\/p>\n

Pateic\u012bba LJZA biedr\u0113m Rasmai P\u012bpi\u0137ei<\/strong>, Danielai Godi\u0146ai<\/strong> un Aigai Veckalnei<\/strong> par saturiskiem papildin\u0101jumiem un labojumiem.<\/p>\n

Raksts public\u0113ts (05.01.2026.): https:\/\/ir.lv\/rubrika\/viedoklis\/zinatne-ir-tikpat-nevajadziga-ka-demokratija.220658<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Atsauces<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Van de Waal, Erica, Christ\u00e8le Borgeaud, and Andrew Whiten. “Potent social learning and conformity shape a wild primate\u2019s foraging decisions.” Science 340.6131 (2013): 483\u2013485.<\/p>\n

[2] Whiten, Andrew, et al. “Cultures in chimpanzees.” Nature<\/em> 399.6737 (1999): 682\u2013685.<\/p>\n

[3] Kr\u00fctzen, Michael, et al. “Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em> 102.25 (2005): 8939\u20138943.<\/p>\n

[4] Noad, M., Cato, D., Bryden, M. et al.<\/em> Cultural revolution in whale songs. Nature<\/em> 408, 537 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35046199<\/p>\n

[5] Asch, Solomon E. “Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority.” Psychological monographs: General and applied<\/em> 70.9 (1956): 1.<\/p>\n

[6] Eggertson L. Lancet retracts 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccines. CMAJ. 2010 Mar 9;182(4):E199\u2013200. doi: 10.1503\/cmaj.109\u20133179. Epub 2010 Feb 8. PMID: 20142376; PMCID: PMC2831678.<\/p>\n

[7] Cho, Adrian. “Once Again, Physicists Debunk Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos.” Science<\/em> (2012), doi: 10.1126\/article.27262<\/p>\n

[8] Wolfe-Simon, Felisa, et al. “RETRACTED: A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus.” Science<\/em> 332.6034 (2011): 1163\u20131166.<\/p>\n

[9] Zutere, Brigita. “Zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s metodes se\u0161i so\u013ci, kas pal\u012bdz izprast pasauli jau no agras b\u0113rn\u012bbas”. researchLatvia<\/em>, 2025, https:\/\/www.researchlatvia.gov.lv\/lv\/zinatniskas-metodes-sesi-soli-kas-palidz-izprast-pasauli-jau-no-agras-bernibas<\/a><\/p>\n

[10] Lalchhandama, Kholhring. “Reappraising Fleming\u2019s snot and mould.” Science Vision<\/em> 20.1 (2020): 29\u201342.<\/p>\n

[11] R\u00f6ntgen, Wilhelm Conrad. “On a new kind of rays.” Science<\/em> 3.59 (1896): 227\u2013231.<\/p>\n

[12] Galton, Francis. “Vox Populi.” Nature<\/em> 75.1949 (1907): 450\u2013451.<\/p>\n

[13] Latvijas Zin\u0101tnes padome. “Latvijas zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s instit\u016bcijas uzs\u0101ks 56 jaunus fundament\u0101los un lieti\u0161\u0137os p\u0113t\u012bjumu projektus.” researchLatvia<\/em>, 2025, https:\/\/www.researchlatvia.gov.lv\/lv\/latvijas-zinatniskas-institucijas-uzsaks-56-jaunus-fundamentalos-un-lietiskos-petijumu-projektus<\/a><\/p>\n

[14] “Svar\u012bgi: ar p\u0113t\u012bjumiem pretoties dezinform\u0101cijai un agres\u012bvai propagandai, uzsver Melb\u0101rde.” Delfi<\/em>, 2025, https:\/\/www.delfi.lv\/193\/politics\/120087887\/svarigi-ar-petijumiem-pretoties-dezinformacijai-un-agresivai-propagandai-uzsver-melbarde<\/a><\/p>\n

[15] Sagan, Carl, and Ann Druyan. “The demon-haunted world: Science as a candle in the dark.” Ballantine books<\/em>, 1997.<\/p>\n

[16] Zviedrijas Jaun\u0101 akad\u0113mija, Latvijas Jauno zin\u0101tnieku apvien\u012bba, Igaunijas Jaun\u0101 Zin\u0101t\u0146u akad\u0113mija, Polijas Jaun\u0101 akad\u0113mija, Somijas Jaun\u0101 akad\u0113mija, D\u0101nijas Jaun\u0101 akad\u0113mija, Lietuvas Zin\u0101t\u0146u akad\u0113mijas Jaun\u0101 akad\u0113mija, un Norv\u0113\u0123ijas Jaun\u0101 akad\u0113mija. “Akad\u0113misk\u0101 br\u012bv\u012bba ir apdraud\u0113ta.” Latvijas Jauno zin\u0101tnieku apvien\u012bba (association)<\/em>, tulkojums no ang\u013cu valodas: Aiga B\u0101dere, 2025, https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/ziemelvalstu-baltijas-regiona-jauno-zinatnieku-apvienibu-aicinajums-rikoties<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Foto: Gints Kl\u0101sons 2013. gad\u0101 Skotijas un \u0160veices p\u0113tnieki iem\u0101c\u012bja Dienvid\u0101frikas savva\u013cas za\u013cajiem m\u0113rka\u0137iem (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) izvair\u012bties no iekr\u0101sotas roz\u0101 kukur\u016bzas, ko vi\u0146i bija apstr\u0101d\u0101ju\u0161i, lai t\u0101 b\u016btu r\u016bgta [1]. \u0160o inform\u0101ciju m\u0113rka\u0137i nodeva n\u0101kamaj\u0101m paaudz\u0113m, kas turpin\u0101ja intuit\u012bvi ne\u0113st roz\u0101 kukur\u016bzu, kaut gan pa\u0161i to nebija nogar\u0161oju\u0161i, un t\u0101 v\u0113l\u0101k vairs nebija r\u016bgtin\u0101ta. Min\u0113taj\u0101 […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":8090,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-viedoklraksti"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8089"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8094,"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8089\/revisions\/8094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8090"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jauniezinatnieki.lv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}